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Although over one hundred y years have passed since the
start of the American Civil War, that titanic con ict continues to
matter. e forces unleashed by that war were immensely destructive
because of the signi cant issues involved: the existence of the
Union, the end of slavery, and the very future of the nation. e
war remains our most contentious, and our bloodiest, with over
six hundred thousand killed in the course of the four-year struggle.
Most civil wars do not spring up overnight, and the American
Civil War was no exception. e seeds of the con ict were sown
in the earliest days of the republic’s founding, primarily over the
existence of slavery and the slave trade. Although no con ict can
begin without the conscious decisions of those engaged in the
debates at that moment, in the end, there was simply no way to
paper over the division of the country into two camps: one that
was dominated by slavery and the other that sought rst to limit
its spread and then to abolish it. Our nation was indeed “half slave
and half free,” and that could not stand.
Regardless of the factors tearing the nation asunder, the
soldiers on each side of the struggle went to war for personal
reasons: looking for adventure, being caught up in the passions
and emotions of their peers, believing in the Union, favoring
states’ rights, or even justifying the simple schoolyard dynamic
of being convinced that they were “worth” three of the soldiers
on the other side. Nor can we overlook the factor that some went
to war to prove their manhood. is has been, and continues
to be, a key dynamic in understanding combat and the profession
of arms. Soldiers join for many reasons but o en stay in the
ght because of their comrades and because they do not want to
seem like cowards. Sometimes issues of national impact shrink
to nothing in the intensely personal world of cannon shell and
minié ball.
Whatever the reasons, the struggle was long and costly and
only culminated with the conquest of the
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